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The energy for pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane comes from

(a) the hydrolysis of ATP by ATP synthase Your answer
(b) the breakdown of glucose in glycolysis Your answer
(c) the reactions of the Calvin cycle Your answer
(d) electrons moving down the transport chain Correct

Your answer: Correct answer: (d)

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Explanation

Why (d) is correct

The energy for pumping protons comes from electrons moving down the electron transport chain (from PS II towards PS I).

Why the other options are wrong

(a) · your answer ATP is made, not hydrolysed, in this process.
(b) · your answer Glycolysis is not involved in chloroplast proton pumping.
(c) · your answer The Calvin cycle uses ATP; it does not pump protons.

NCERT point: Electron transport releases energy that is stored as a proton gradient.

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